1 major quality of a leader is watching words that come from your stinking mouth. stupid woman thinks everything is about political campaign. npp will come and ask for accounts, u messed up the law deals with u not npp deal w ... read full comment
1 major quality of a leader is watching words that come from your stinking mouth. stupid woman thinks everything is about political campaign. npp will come and ask for accounts, u messed up the law deals with u not npp deal with u. the ass stinker went to open her mouth to alter crap. be transparent n u safe. she is very disrespectful,arrogant,cheeky. she thinks she better than everyone
ADJOA WANGARA 8 years ago
kwarteng can post a whole Oxford Dictionary to this platform, he will still make no sense, simply because his mindset is silly!
kwarteng can post a whole Oxford Dictionary to this platform, he will still make no sense, simply because his mindset is silly!
Noryaamarley Ogbosi 8 years ago
Fake ADJOA WANGARA, we know who you are.
FK makes lots of sense to those of us who can read and comprehend what he's writing about. By the way, where is the homeland of the Wangara people?
Fake ADJOA WANGARA, we know who you are.
FK makes lots of sense to those of us who can read and comprehend what he's writing about. By the way, where is the homeland of the Wangara people?
Ghana 8 years ago
No rational Ghanaian will vote for Vicious Ethnocentric Party. Who are hell bent to come borrow money from salons and steal all at the same time.
If Ghanaians mistakenly vote for NPP, stealing will be normal in Ghana forev ... read full comment
No rational Ghanaian will vote for Vicious Ethnocentric Party. Who are hell bent to come borrow money from salons and steal all at the same time.
If Ghanaians mistakenly vote for NPP, stealing will be normal in Ghana forever!!!
With the exception of Ashanti's and Akyem's these Tribal Party bigots care less about any other tribe!!!
These people are fearless professional armed robbers. No Ghanaian should dare try them with power!!!
OFOSUAA 8 years ago
WOYOME IS A THIEF SO DZIFA SHD ADD HIS NAME TO THE VICTIMS OF NPP ACCOUNTABILITY....
WOYOME IS A THIEF SO DZIFA SHD ADD HIS NAME TO THE VICTIMS OF NPP ACCOUNTABILITY....
OFOSUAA 8 years ago
TELL HER THAT THIEVES ARE THIEVES REGARDLESS OF TRIBES, RELIGIONS, OR NATIONALITY...THIEVES ARE THIEVES LIKE SHE HERSELF WHO IS BEING HAUNTED BY BUS REBRANDING BROAD DAYLIGHT ROBBERY....
TELL HER THAT THIEVES ARE THIEVES REGARDLESS OF TRIBES, RELIGIONS, OR NATIONALITY...THIEVES ARE THIEVES LIKE SHE HERSELF WHO IS BEING HAUNTED BY BUS REBRANDING BROAD DAYLIGHT ROBBERY....
OFOSUAA 8 years ago
EWES SHD BE HUNTED LIKE THIEVES IF THEY CHOOSE TO STEAL LIKE WOYOME...
EWES SHD BE HUNTED LIKE THIEVES IF THEY CHOOSE TO STEAL LIKE WOYOME...
Derek 8 years ago
It is necessary not stoke tribal politics in the country because a few greedy politicians want to use it to their advantage. They will come and go but mother Ghana will always be around. When Attivor was chopping her ill gott ... read full comment
It is necessary not stoke tribal politics in the country because a few greedy politicians want to use it to their advantage. They will come and go but mother Ghana will always be around. When Attivor was chopping her ill gotten wealth did she include her people in the Volta region. I'm very sure most of her people do not have passports, when they create a stupid war most of them will leave the country to enjoy their ill gotten wealth. Ghanaians lets put people who play the tribal card in the trash can where they belong
Mr Bond 8 years ago
Congratulation Francis Kwarteng for treating ethnocentric and tribalism using only AKANS And EWES but I don't know what motive or prompt you to leave president John Dramani Mahama ethnocentric tribalist bigotry proclaiming th ... read full comment
Congratulation Francis Kwarteng for treating ethnocentric and tribalism using only AKANS And EWES but I don't know what motive or prompt you to leave president John Dramani Mahama ethnocentric tribalist bigotry proclaiming that "we has being second fiddle for a long time.Am one of your own vote for me and you deserve better and if NPP want to win power then NPP should make Dr Bawumia their presidential candidate to compete me say president John Dramani Mahama.Mr Kwarteng I find it very difficult believe that you did not remember to include such important ethnocentric sentiment.Is because your are receiving salary from him including soil?
MINOR CASE 8 years ago
Francis Kwarteng is both intellectually and politically bankrupt and therefore lacks objectivity and credibility. He always wants to portray himself as intelligent analysts of events. Note how he emphatically pins ethnocentri ... read full comment
Francis Kwarteng is both intellectually and politically bankrupt and therefore lacks objectivity and credibility. He always wants to portray himself as intelligent analysts of events. Note how he emphatically pins ethnocentrism on Kuffour and the NPP while conveniently leaving out Rawlings AFRC and PNDC also, which were the originators of modern day ethnocentrism. He always leans favorably towards his Ewe ancestry because of his inherited Nyebro sybndrome.
Yaw Yeboah 8 years ago
First of all well done to the Author, who has written a very interesting article. Secondly, thank you to the Author, for clarifying the fact that General Kotoka was shot & killed by Lt. Moses Yeboah & not Lt. Arthur, which I ... read full comment
First of all well done to the Author, who has written a very interesting article. Secondly, thank you to the Author, for clarifying the fact that General Kotoka was shot & killed by Lt. Moses Yeboah & not Lt. Arthur, which I have stated several times and been challenged by Bone Heads whom want to try & rewrite historical incidents that have already happened.
Personally, I believe that political divisions that exist between Ewe's & AKans, can be traced in a large part to the events of the 1967 Coup. For example, it has long been rumoured that Colonel Afrifa encouraged the Coup to take place with the intention of eliminating General Kotoka and taking power for himself. It is rumoured that Colonel Afrifa, double crossed Lt. Moses Yeboah & Lt. Arthur, after the Coup was successful and ensured that Lt. Moses Yeboah was quickly executed by Firing Squad before he could reveal the part that Colonel Afrifa played in the 1967 Coup. These are rumours that have not been proven but it is interesting to note that Colonel Afrifa knew that his fate was sealed when the PNDC came into power led by J.J. Rawlings (an Ewe like General Kotoka), and Major Boakye Djan (a Bono like Lt. Moses Yeboah). Whether or not Colonel Afrifa was guilty of any involvement in the 1967 Coup, I believe that political divisions between Ewe's and Akans have existed ever since. It is interesting to note that Major Boakye Djan carried out the Coup that led to J.J. Rawlings
becoming Chair of the PNDC. However, it did not take long for Rawlings to force Major Boakye into exile. Did J.J. Rawlings remember what happened to General Kotoka?
Personally, I have not paid much attention to the tribal comments made by Dzifa Attivor as I believe that it is a deliberate ploy agreed by leading members of the NDC to ensure that the support base in the Volta Region remains loyal to the party. It is important to note that Dzifa Attivor has been strongly supported by Akan Politicians such as the General Secretary of the NDC. By focusing on her tribal comments the electorate is not discussing the poor state of the economy, rising debts, and other urgent problems. Lastly, I would like state that although I believe that political divisions exist between Ewe's & Akans this does not extend into everyday life in Ghana. Inter-marriage and relationships are common between both ethnic groups despite what the tribal bigots on Ghanaweb would like us to believe. Peace.
SARPONG 8 years ago
I like your comment just by clarifying that the charge against Africa is just a rumour.
Second, you made a mistake implying that Boakye Gyan was forced into exile by Rawlings. It is not true.
The Limann administration a ... read full comment
I like your comment just by clarifying that the charge against Africa is just a rumour.
Second, you made a mistake implying that Boakye Gyan was forced into exile by Rawlings. It is not true.
The Limann administration agreed with the AFRC members to resign from the Army in exchange for $100,000 each and proceed to abroad for further studies. All of them accepted that juicy deal at the time since most of them were non commissioned members of the Army with minimum education and going to abroad with $100,000 in their pockets was attractive.
Railings for a reason known to him at the time did not avail himself for that retirement from the Army package and chose to forgo the $100,000 and remain in Ghana.
KKO 8 years ago
Yaw,
There is no truth whatsoever about the involvement of Afrifa in the April 1967 abortive coup. In fact, he was the main target of Lt Arthur, a Young Pioneer and an avowed Nkrumaist.
Come to think of it, brave and in ... read full comment
Yaw,
There is no truth whatsoever about the involvement of Afrifa in the April 1967 abortive coup. In fact, he was the main target of Lt Arthur, a Young Pioneer and an avowed Nkrumaist.
Come to think of it, brave and intelligent as Afrifa was, why would he use an idiot like Arthur to stage a coup if he wanted to topple Kotoka? Why would he have agreed to make Ankrah the chairman of the NLC? I know someone from the Boys’ Company that took Flagstaff House during the early stages of the 1966 coup. But for Afrifa, the whole thing would have collapsed at the gates of the Flagstaff House.
Remember Afrifa’s letter to Acheampong that in 1978? “Two of us will be summarily executed if anything goes wrong in Ghana.” He knew what he was talking about because his first wife was an Ewe. He still had a lot of contacts in the Army even in 1978.
I believe strongly that the only way Ghana can be saved from the morass in which she finds herself and avoid the chaos that most African countries have been through, sadly, is for us the majority Akan, to get together to kick out the incompetent and treacherous Mahama government and repair the tattered social fabric of Ghana and put it on sound footing. The loud mouth minority groups have nothing good in store for the country. Limann demonstrated it and Mahama has shown it in nearly four years !
Kwadwo 8 years ago
KKO, your analysis is on point. Afrifa was too sophisticated to have been involved in such an infantile coup attempt to eliminate Kotoka. It is a shame Acheampong ignored his warning
KKO, your analysis is on point. Afrifa was too sophisticated to have been involved in such an infantile coup attempt to eliminate Kotoka. It is a shame Acheampong ignored his warning
C.Y. ANDY-K 8 years ago
The fact of the whole matter is that, the writer of the article, Francis Kwarteng, has in actual fact no tincture of idea about what he has copied from other writers and pasted it there.
The fact of the whole matter is that, the writer of the article, Francis Kwarteng, has in actual fact no tincture of idea about what he has copied from other writers and pasted it there.
THE REAL C.Y. ANDY-K 8 years ago
You're not fooling anybody by stealing the names of some of us to write nonsense against people who are clearly soul-mates. If you care to know, I regularly exchange private mails with Nyebro Yaw. He writes things from my min ... read full comment
You're not fooling anybody by stealing the names of some of us to write nonsense against people who are clearly soul-mates. If you care to know, I regularly exchange private mails with Nyebro Yaw. He writes things from my mind as if we are telepathic. I have a draft of an article which said much of what he has written about Auntie's Dzifa's goofing and providing ammunition to the beleagured ethnocentric NPP. But that ammunition won't last long.
Since you had provoked me, you've earned my re-posting of my Just Ignorant or Plain Stupid here?
Andy-K
Yaw Yeboah 8 years ago
Sarpong, thanks for your feedback and for reminding me of the fact of the $100,000 offered to Boakye Gyan and other members of the AFRC.
Sarpong, thanks for your feedback and for reminding me of the fact of the $100,000 offered to Boakye Gyan and other members of the AFRC.
Captain 8 years ago
You said yourself that Afrifa's involvement in the killing of Kotoka and other things are rumours. You should just have left it at that. They were just rumours. Afrifa didn't have any reason to kill Kotoka with whom the coup ... read full comment
You said yourself that Afrifa's involvement in the killing of Kotoka and other things are rumours. You should just have left it at that. They were just rumours. Afrifa didn't have any reason to kill Kotoka with whom the coup against Nkrumah was staged. Kotoka was not the type that wanted to be the ruler of Ghana so he was no threat to Afrifa in that regards. Afrifa was still young and had big things ahead of him short of being head of state (which he became also).
The political division between Ewe and Akans did not start with the 1967 abortive coup. The Ewes, by and large, didn't feel there was a conspiracy against them by Akans because of the killing of Kotoka. They didn't feel threatened by that.
The political division (and that is what it was - political) between Akan and Ewe started with the 1969 Elections and its aftermath. Busia and PP made a very ethnocentric campaign that was unprecedented in the history of the country. Gbedema's NAL was very popular across the country even in the Akan areas but when it came to the actual voting, NAL didn't do well at all especially in the Akan regions. Then Gbedema lost his seat in the parliament. It was from then that Ewes realised that when it came to party politics, the Akans were not their partners. It was not a matter of hatred. It was just that they realised they couldn't be their allies politically. And they gave vent to this feeling by voting for Limann in the Third Republic when there was no Ewe candidate standing for the Presidency.
Even then some Ewes were ready to ally themselves with Akan elements in the Paa Willie led UNC which won two of its seats in Ewe land. That was the party of Okudzeto. This also shows that there was really no hatred between Akans and Ewes generally. The political alignments dictated the voting patterns just as many TVT Ewes voted for Danquah in the last presidential election that he stood for against Nkrumah.
Much of the intensity of the present political hatred between the two groups really started with Rawlings and was worsened by Kufuor. The danger today is that this political hatred is being fuelled by self-serving politicians of both major parties and the animus is seeping into the general population like never before. Ativor and politicians like her are fighting more for their personal gains than that of their ethnic groups yet they are involving the tribe they belong to.
Most Ewes and Akans who do not have any personal political ambitions have nothing against each other. There have always been normal tribal differences (divisions) among Ghanaians since before independence but these have never been translated into a wish to kill or destroy one another.
It is the politicians who are dividing us along ethnic lines. No matter what you think of Nkrumah, one thing he fought very hard for and succeeded in doing is for us not to see ourselves along our ethnic identities. None of today's leaders is doing that.
KKO 8 years ago
Come on, Captain,
“The political division (and that is what it was - political) between Akan and Ewe started with the 1969 Elections and its aftermath. Busia and PP made a very ethnocentric campaign that was unprecedented ... read full comment
Come on, Captain,
“The political division (and that is what it was - political) between Akan and Ewe started with the 1969 Elections and its aftermath. Busia and PP made a very ethnocentric campaign that was unprecedented in the history of the country. Gbedema's NAL was very popular across the country even in the Akan areas but when it came to the actual voting, NAL didn't do well at all especially in the Akan regions. Then Gbedema lost his seat in the parliament. It was from then that Ewes realised that when it came to party politics, the Akans were not their partners. It was not a matter of hatred. It was just that they realised they couldn't be their allies politically. And they gave vent to this feeling by voting for Limann in the Third Republic when there was no Ewe candidate standing for the Presidency”.
Do you really believe this distorted crap? Which PP member said anything ethnocentric in the 1969 campaign? Do you understand “Dwam bii” in Ga? That was the battle cry of Joe Appiah’s “Ababa se.” PP’s campaign cry was “PP - Party Papa.” Is that what you call ethnocentric?
Did you hear “Where were the Akans when Kotoka was freeing Ghana? I did!”
If Afro Gbede was that popular throughout Ghana, why did the PP sweep nearly the whole country with the exception of the Volta Region in the 1969 election?
If you talk of in-built advantage for Busia, I will agree because as the Chairman of the National Council for Civil Education, he toured the length and breadth of the country trying to instil patriotism into Ghanaians following the demoralisation of the vast majority of Ghanaians under the erstwhile CPP government. It was from that position that he resigned to form the Progress Party.
Ironically, the person who actually introduced tribalism (and that is what it is) into Ghanaian politics was Jerry Rawlings, but even Jerry Rawlings ‘won’ massively or rather used Akan rogues to win in predominantly Akan areas of Ghana. His party still even does so handsomely among the Asante, the people who suffered most under his crude tribal persecution. Now compare that with the Volta Region that votes 95% NDC in all elections.
Just go back to Jerry Rawlings’ cabinets from 1982 to 2000, look at who the ministers were and their deputies, the real prime movers. That will give you a clue.
Anyone who attended boarding school in Ghana in the 1960s and 70s knows who the real tribalists in Ghana are. Acheampong was a pure bred Asante, but his greatest critics came from the Ashanti Region. In some parts of Ghana even when people are caught red handed stealing, their people march to Accra to campaign for their release. And if you wish to know which the most ‘detribalised’ group in Ghana is, go to Kumasi any time the Asantehene sits in state!
MINOR CASE 8 years ago
Well done my brother.I never take this Francis Kwarteng serious. Asantes are the most objective , non tribalist group in Ghana any time . If the Asantes and other Akans were to have the herd mentality of the Ewes they would r ... read full comment
Well done my brother.I never take this Francis Kwarteng serious. Asantes are the most objective , non tribalist group in Ghana any time . If the Asantes and other Akans were to have the herd mentality of the Ewes they would rule Ghana till kingdom come. Thank God such primitive trait is not in them.
Captain 8 years ago
“Where were the Akans when Kotoka was freeing Ghana? I did!”
KKO, you may have been the only one who heard it. This is the first time I am hearing it and I was also in secondary school in the 60s and 70s. If the 1966 c ... read full comment
“Where were the Akans when Kotoka was freeing Ghana? I did!”
KKO, you may have been the only one who heard it. This is the first time I am hearing it and I was also in secondary school in the 60s and 70s. If the 1966 coup was actively planned and executed by Kotoka and Afrifa, as we all knew even then, how could any one ask where the Akans were when Kotoka was freeing Ghana?
The 1969 election was the first time there were such sharp political divisions among Ewe and Akan in our history. Busia didn't go about falling the silly ethnic comments we're hearing today. He wasn't that stupid. Moreover, the atmosphere didn't encourage such things. Remember, the Nkrumah era wasn't far away and tribal based parties had long been banned. Ghanaians, by and large, didn't think along tribal lines for political gain the way we're doing now. But that didn't mean there were no tribal dimensions in the electioneering campaign.
The whole argument is about when a vicious nature of tribal politics started and I situate it with the second republic, not the coups before that. The argument is not which tribe is more tribalistic than the other. Even Busia's short rule had elements that harp on the tribal divide. I am NOT talking of govt appointments or Victor Owusu.
The coup that put Acheampong in power was actively made by Akan and Ewe elements in the army who could point to some of the tribal based actions of Busia. Nobody accuses Acheampong of being tribalistic.
I mentioned Rawlings era as the time the tribal element in our politics took a virulent turn. Kufuor did not reverse the trend but accentuated it. I do not exenorate any of them. We are now in a situation where the politicians are using the tribal differences among us for their personal gains.
KKO, this is the argument I am making, not one of putting blames on one tribe or the other or trying to show that one tribe is more accommodating than the other.
KKO 8 years ago
If Busia did not go around making such statements, why do you say "the PP made ethnocentric campaign?"
Which parts of Busia's rule harped on ethnic divide? Was it the people who insulted him and his wife? I guess you also ... read full comment
If Busia did not go around making such statements, why do you say "the PP made ethnocentric campaign?"
Which parts of Busia's rule harped on ethnic divide? Was it the people who insulted him and his wife? I guess you also did not hear "Busia nabu?"
We are in 2016. Mahama should nip the nonesense in his party in the bud, unless of course he is part of it, like "I am a Northerner so vote for me", and the kind of bunkum the chiefs in Bono have been spewing!
THE REAL C.Y. ANDY-K 8 years ago
Twum Boafo has said it as it is without mincing words. I have been saying it as it is for over two decades now. SO WHAT THE HECK WHEN THE SHITE HITS THE CEILING?
Having read a more accurate version of what Mrs Attivor rep ... read full comment
Twum Boafo has said it as it is without mincing words. I have been saying it as it is for over two decades now. SO WHAT THE HECK WHEN THE SHITE HITS THE CEILING?
Having read a more accurate version of what Mrs Attivor reportedly said, I agree 100% that it is simply hypocritical for anyone to come out to denounce her and ask her to apologise WITHOUT at first or ever condemning the ethnocentric utterances and actions of the NPP leaders and elements that gave grounds for her own utterance, which simply sought to benefit from the ethnocentric politics and actions of the NPP tradition when in power. She might have goofed by misspeaking factually but has was simply a reaction, albeit a skewed one.
I myself had pointed out those things many times in articles. An anti-PNDC refugee, an Ewe himself, Dr Kodzi, even wrote a book in the early 1990s in which he pointed out the Anlos as the Ewes to be killed, in response to the rampant loose talk by some Akans that Ewes would be killed by them. That was long before Agyapong's loose talk a few years ago.
I had narrated and posted many times my own personal experiences in Nigeria with some of those would-be assassins. All of you pretending and insulting Attivor should therefore fcuk off! Hypocrites!
I welcome Manasseh's plead that we don't sweep the matter under the carpet but discuss it. I have been doing that since the early '90s. I have a 10-series continuation of my Ethnic Imbroglio waiting on ice for years now. I shall post the Part 1 here to refresh the memories of all and inform those who didn't read it before. First, another refresher.
WILFULLY BLIND OR JUST PLAIN IGNORANCE?
I have been amused, and somehow puzzled, at the rumpus being raised about what crazed Agyapong said. But what I find surprising is the virtual hypocrisy and mendacious attempts to brush this issue under the carpet by some linked to the NPP as just a one off aberration. These people pretend or do not seem to know that Agyapong’s threats were not the first admonishing the killing of Ewes, something the readily available facts betray. Facts I have been referring to from 1994 in cyberspace, recounting my own personal experiences with some of those advocates of Ewe killers in Nigeria during the early years of the PNDC. Of course, I have not as yet told the full story. But as Fela said, “I no kpata de finish!”
Hmm! As I found out when I was insulted “basabasa” by a man who turned out to be one of my many uncles, (when I apparently misspoke on the hike in petrol prices in the 1993 budget, on a bus from Anloga to Dzelukope in 1993), - being mistaken for a Quashiga hireling who had joined the “Eblutorwo” (Akans) preparing to come and kill them - my people back home were fully prepared and waiting for the quislings to start the attacks; I was assured. That was long before anyone heard of Justice Kpega as a political pundit! Phew! Me, a die-hard Nkrumaist in league with NPP assassins, to go and kill my fellow Anlos? Well, after all, it was in Lome, an Ewe centrepiece city even if many are of Ga-Elmina(Anyi) extraction, that they first congregated and started those loose talks against Ewes, thus forcing most Ewes in exile opposed to the PNDC to abandon the opposition to the PNDC and the anti-Ewe bent it had taken. So, many of us Ewes knew about their evil intents a long time ago, as they were eating our akple and fetri detsi and planning it in our kinsmen homes! Hardly any of them knew that much of the land of Lome is owned by people from Aflao and environs. Ignorant morons come in all shapes, you know. They were lucky no one poisoned them in Lome.:-)
Equally, I have read opponents to Agyapong’s utterances, including some Ewes, made some false and misleading statements, which shows that they are ignorant of the facts of the origins of the ethnic imbroglio in Ghana, despite my persistent efforts and write-ups sketching that sordid history, from the pre-colonial to the post-independence era. I read someone situated in the 1979 elections period Victor Owusu’s scathing attacks on Ewes as “inward-looking” during the exchanges with Dr Agama in Parliament after the Apollo 586 sacking of mostly Ewes by the Busia regime! How come?!
Ignorance and superstition are recognised as key cogs in the vicious cycle of backwardness that is our lot as developing people but the extent most so-called educated Ghanaians wallow in these two inhibiting traits is just stupendous and disheartening!
Many try to claim that Rawlings introduced tribalism into Ghana by employing predominantly Ewes into sensitive public posts, especially the security sector; whereas the same claims of Ewe domination of posts had already been used effectively against Gbedema’s NAL by Busia’s Progress Party during the 1969 General Elections, as I had quoted from Dennis Austen to show but something all grown-ups at the time knew about. It was therefore unfortunate that the late Prof Adu Boahen, as a historian who knew or ought to know better, fed into these fabrications of Ewe dominance, creating his own when he reportedly claimed in a British Council lecture in 1988 that Prof. Akilagpa Sawyerr, a Ga who was given the VC post which he thought he deserved at the time, was an Ewe; and promised in his interview granted to Mahoney and his Africa Watch magazine to redress the presumed ethnic disparity when the NPP was elected into office. To me and many discerning Ewes, especially the Ewe elite, it was all déjà vu. But I was still surprised to find out that some decade long opponents of the PNDC voted for the NDC in 1992! It would not even surprise me if someone who knew Justice Kpegah’s political views very well in the 1980s came out to say that he was an arch-enemy of the PNDC in the Bar Association. I was visiting Ho in 1990 when the people of the VR angrily rejected the no party idea that the PNDC was then lobbying for, effectively halting the campaign for it. Those in BA had already voted yes.
Yes! The NPP had itself to blame for their dismal reception in the VR, as they lost the plot with their tribal agenda reminiscent of the 1969 campaign. In Accra, they lost a lot of Ga support when the same Prof Adu Boahen at a rally, in trying to whip the anti-Ewe venom made that gaffe about Gas being pushed by the PNDC to be sleeping 10 persons to a room, besides many of the main speakers speaking in Twi which pissed off the Gas! In 2000, they (NPP) won simply because of JJ’s unwholesome Swedru Declaration and the disrespectful Obed Asamoah led attempts to impose sitting candidates on their constituents, which nearly got him beaten at Dzelukope/Keta. My own Anlo Constituency elected an independent MP though linked to the NDC too, having rejected the NDC official candidate Rtd Captain Sowu.
Fact is, I have been aware, just as many other people, since the early 1980s of various threats by some Akans opposed to the PNDC to have Ewes killed and had written about that many, many times on Okyeame and SIL. Perhaps, adding Gas to those to be killed is just the new dimension added by Agyapong, since it appeared, this time, the Gas, in Agyapong's warped mind, had acted in prosecuting the "Ewe agenda" by beating up Ursula on behalf of the Ewes! Well, warped minds think in strange, circular terms!
After all, the threats were so opened and so rampant that one Ewe, the late Dr Kodzi who died here in London in exile, pointed out the "Anlos” in his own virulently anti-Rawlings/ PNDC book, "Ghana: Worse than Apartheid S. Africa," as the Ewes to be killed, for being the culprits of the complaints and angst of the Akans! That was long before anyone heard of Kwame Okoampa-Ahoofe and his renewed “war” on “Anlo-Ewes,” a war his ancestor joined the Akyem Gen. Dompey to fight in "Krepi" against the Asantes and lost way back in the 1860s and got stranded there, lucky enough not to have been killed like others. That’s another story I had re-told elsewhere and needs a re-visit soon in order to let the populace know what makes bozos like Ahoofe tick. For a man, (I mean Dr Kodzi, not the jerk Ahoofe) who, due to his sterling stewardship when in charge of the Keta Govt Hospital, was much beloved by the so-called Anlo-Ewes, regarded as an hononary Anlo and entrusted with pouring the libation at the Hogbeza celebration of the Noviha association here in London, that was something to write! How could he be sure that the would-be killers would not mistake him for an Anlo man, in spite of the pain he took to identify the other Ewe groups in his book? Well, the failure of the so-called Ewe elite - academic and traditional and the political - to deal rationally with this animus against Ewes is itself an intra-Ewe shambolic intellectual failure I shall deal with by and by. I have right here on my table the rantings of some other Ewes from northern Eweland based in the UK, (Ewedome as we Anlos refer to the area referred to by Europeans as Krepi), against the PNDC and Anlos in particular which I have not even as yet dealt with in my writings.
I must, however, make exception here, as Prof. Kofi Awoonor’s much distorted and maligned prison book (in league with Soyinka’s The Man Died) is probably the first book by a Ghanaian which tried to explain the tribal imbroglio and to point the way forward. His only mistake was that he fell prey to the standard Western simplistic, linear and reductionist methodology of reducing what is without doubt a complex articulation of interests and forces which cut across the ethnic divide with people from all ethnic groups found in both or all contesting camps for political ascendancy, or “hegemony”, as he put it, in Ghana. So, for instance, those who imprisoned him for helping Brig. Kattah to escape to Togo were not only “Akans/Asantes” but included Ewes, Gas, Gonjas, etc., as Kutu’s NRC comprised a cross-section of Ghanaian ethnic groups.
You have to be wilfully blind or totally ignorant of what has been happening in the opposition to the P/NDC camp in order to claim today that you are not aware of talk of and even attempts to foment what would have become an ethnic war in Ghana prior to 1992. I personally had to intervene and quelled a serious fracas on Okyeame between two well known non-Ewes when the “brave Asantes” were queried again by a non-Asante why they could not deal with the apparently Ewe P/NDC which allegedly committed atrocities on they Akans only, I suppose. I bet many can remember J.H Mensah's arrest in America for allegedly attempting to buy weapons to prosecute their “liberation war” to get their country back. It is no wonder the NPP gurus, many of whom shared in those nefarious ideas, talked about it, plotted to carry it, etc., are finding it very hard to distance themselves from this public utterance of it again. How can they desert their fellow journey man, without being double hypocrites? At least, there must be some honour among thieves (and tribal bigots, if we may add).
There are many questions to ask and many issues to take up. Had my PC not kaput and eventually leading to the loss of a huge part of what I had painstakingly written with references while in Norway with additions in London, my intended book taking up those issues would have been out years ago.
Incidentally, my next intended article after writing "How Some "Ewes" Became a Part of Ghana" is titled "Who Are the Ewes". It is just a revisit to my first ever post to a cyber forum in early 1994, Okyeame precisely, which Azar should remember so well, as in spite of my providing a reference, he still challenged me to give that! It was sent as my contribution, incidentally, to another NPP instigated scare against poor but hard working Ewe and Ada fishing cum farming pioneers (won't call them settlers) displaced by the effects of the Akosombo Dam on the neglected downstream people who opened up the mosquito infested and disease-ridden Afram Plains. The claim was that the NDC wanted to carve a district for them there and thereby claim the land for them! Wives and children were hastily sent home in order to keep them out of harm’s way in the event of attacks on the communities. That was when I decided not to sit any longer on the fence, just like the majority of my fellow educated Ewes, who think responding to such attacks on Ewes is beneath them, since madmen, "dzimakplawo" and "gbemelawo" were responsible! That was the common “wisdom” repeated by Rawlings at Tsiame, when he was queried by the worried chiefs and people about the ongoing Ewe demonization in the opposition media and political platforms in the ‘90s.
Gratuitous counter abuse, especially directed at Asantes ad nauseam, is not the way to tackle the issues, as some are presently doing on Ghanaweb. In the ‘90s, the Ghanaian stage was left to a novice like Komla Dumor to deal with on JoyFM with his “Ayigbe Jokes” series, which horrified and mortified me when I first listened to it online in 1997 or so. A programme like that would have found him and JoyFM foul of the Anti-Vilification Laws of any of the Western Europe countries and sanctioned appropriately. I doubt though whether half of our “honourable” MPs have heard of such a law, but that is the way we must go and huge revision of the school curricula. But that calls for another article.
Well, simply, many do not know how to deal with the madmen who repeatedly take their loins cloth while in the bath house! I know how! After all, I know the story of how the Anloga man dealt with the mad man of Tegbi and remained sane; the mad man who used to way lay the “asisiawo” - the market women - from the Keta market with a club and the question: axor a ava lo, alo axor a ekpo?, i.e., do you want penis or do you want club? And one day he raped and killed the heavily pregnant wife of the Anloga man. Of course, it is a taboo to deal with mad men in our society, but he did and nothing untoward ever happened to him afterwards.
Ahoofe and his ilk’s tribalistic insults directed at “Anlo-Ewes” in particular and Agyapong's call to mayhem can be placed in perspective if you are informed about their origins. They used the tribal card so well in 1969 and think they can continue using it forever. No! Some of us decided long ago that ourselves and children shall not remain objects of demonization and vilification for the political objectives of some people who are still suffering from the mental “warpedness” that the slave trade had foisted on their ancestors. We shall therefore make sure that these appeal to ethnic differences backfire big time on their stupid faces!
I am therefore re-sending and shall continue re-posting this short piece I had put together especially for the readership of Ghanaweb and shall continue with my series on the Ethnic imbroglio in Ghana. Agyapong's outburst is simply the tip of the canker that permeates our body politic that must be dealt with at its roots. They are not the only Akans who suffer from what I have dubbed “Ewe angst and fears”, which afflict the generality of Akans due to how they are weaned and socialised. What do you expect from people who, as kids, are frightened to drink their Mist Alba, behave themselves or go to bed early with the Ewe bogeyman imagery?
Andy C. Y. Kwawukume
cyandyk@ymail.com
London
THE ETHNIC IMBROGLIO IN GHANA: THE ORIGINS, PART 1
The tribal imbroglio, rather than starting in recent times, has been brewing for a long, long while now. In fact, the roots of the prejudices and the insults we see some raining on others date back to pre-colonial times. So, any attempt to understand the worrying phenomenon must address the canker from that era. That is what I intend to do, with special focus on the apparent cleavage between Ewes and Akans (and any others). But now, I’d begin with the colonial times. When you hear the cry of lamentation:
Dza le le leeeeeee!
Me zu kluvi
The road to Kontsiabu
Strewn with gold dusts.
Only those without
in their eyes gold dusts
felt the pangs of hunger and thirst…
then you’d know that the time to narrate the doleful tales of the pre-colonial era, where it all began, has arrived; but you’d get a glimpse now.
Not to waste time apportioning blame, the Akans (and Gas, if I may add them), started these tribal abuse and attacks on Ewes many decades ago; nay, centuries back, as I said earlier. But as mentioned above, I won't delve as yet into the pre-colonial times when it was free for all, with even some Ewe states joining in marauding and plundering other Ewe states for the slave markets of the Gold Coast. I had indeed provided a write up on that sordid era on Ghanaweb’s SIL in the 1990s, which is available. One German businessman with biz connections to Ghana who used to read the nonsense on SIL wrote a private mail to me saying that he was always wondering why Africans sold each other into slavery to Europeans and Arabs; reading my detailed historical account enlightened him on how and why it happened for the first time. That story must be re-told all over Africa in other to understand the roots of the conflicts that bedevilled the continent after independence.
In Ghana, the colonial times modern version started after the WW1 when Anlo, Tongu and Peki migrants from within the Gold Coast and those from the newly acquired TVT from the Germans started moving to the Akan and Ga areas to either fish, farm or seek paid employment. Ewes from Togo and Benin Republic (Dahomey) escaping from French repressive rule came later. Some Ewes, esp. the educated ones, also got jobs with the commercial houses and the colonial administration. Some, such as Gbedema and Nkulenu, started their own private businesses. Soon, they were becoming prosperous in their chosen fields and/or rising up in the ranks wherever they were employed due to the usual hard working nature of most migrants. After all, the far superior German missionary vocational educational set up, compared to the British, had equipped them much better with skills in the crafts and building, such as carpentry and masonry, which were in much demand by the colonial authority and the other natives of the Gold Coast and Asante. That was when trouble began and the attacks started, as far back as the 1930s.
Below is a brief quote from S. Greene about how the Fantes started perceiving Anlo-Ewe fisher folk; a perception or prejudice which is not much different from what permeates the Akan ethnic group as a whole up to today (not only a few bigots on Ghanaweb). Ewes find out to our chagrin or amusement, often as a kid, that that was how our fellow country men and women perceive us. The encounter is therefore a personal story too.
Not much has changed in the prejudiced minds of too many Akans, as we daily witness on Ghanaweb, even though many too have developed over the years an obsession or desire to marry Ewe girls, failure which often brought in its wake stories of tribalism heaped against Ewes. As I told some Akan teacher colleagues in Nigeria, it was the scary and “irrational” Akan “wofa” (uncle) inheritance system, stupid! Horrible stories of how Ewe widows were in particular dispossessed and treated shabbily were enough to dissuade any idea of marriage to even a most love besotted Akan man! It is no wonder that, with the interstate law of inheritance in place, marriage to Akan men has been on the increase.
I know an Ewe from the Peki area who swore that it’d never be possible to change the jaundiced perception of Akans of Ewes from his own experiences attending Mpraeso Teacher Training College, and then teaching at Mpraeso and in Kumasi. He said one particular woman - a cook in the school - they used to go to church with wouldn’t believe that he did not have any “akpeledzi” under their bed! I said it was possible and gave an example of my own experiences in Nigeria. I managed to convince my fellow Akan teachers that I don’t indulge nor believe in those things - juju or voodoo or even any god (white or black), and wouldn’t drink “ogogoro” with them – when there is original Gordon’s gin and lime cordial to have – and they somehow lost some “respect”, (or was it fear?) for me. They’d say I wasn’t a proper Anloman and fool around with me!
Between 1982-4, when their Anti-Ewe diatribes had reached fever point and they were advocating massacring Ewes as done to the Ibos in Nigeria who they claimed were also allegedly dominating Nigeria in the 1960s, I thought of putting some fear into them by creating some “kporsi” (“see-and-run”) to scare them. Fact is, practically every smart Ewe knows how to scare Akans and Gas even though they don’t have “foko” (anything), as we say in Anlo but I will keep that out of this write up. Good I didn’t do so, otherwise they’d be giving testimonies up to today about what an Anlo teacher did to them in Nigeria – they’d have packed out and run from their rooms on the ground floor of the storey building we were hiring. I “protected” myself practically by chocking the door handle with a chair, as I had seen in movies, before I went to bed, in order to prevent them from making me the first casualty of their let-us-kill-Ewes mania! Funny some of them even became staunch PNDC supporters, only to change their minds again years later when I met some on a visit to Ghana.
Anyway, enough with the digression into the personal narrative and to Sandra Greene.
From p.148 of Sandra Greene I quote:
"Increased Anlo identification with their northern Ewe-speaking neighbours may have also been enhanced by the experience many had while participating in migrant fishing. After World War I, numerous groups of Anlo men and women traveled to other coastal areas, including the Fante area of the Gold Coast, in order to pursue their commercial fishing activities. For many, this was probably the first time they had traveled outside their home area, and/or to a district where they were a distinct linguistic minority. In these locations, they conducted themselves as they had in their own home villages, but those among whom they come to live - often temporarily, just for the fishing season - came to view the Anlos' prosperity with jealousy and suspicion. Stories circulated that associated the Anlo with "blood-curdling" crimes. R.W. Wyllie indicates, for example, that from at least the 1930s "Fanti [children] learned to view the Anlos as thieves, kidnappers, sorcerers, and ritual murderers." The social tensions that accompany these beliefs - and the very fact that these beliefs were held by a non-Ewe speaking people - must have heightened the Anlo's awareness of their linguistic and cultural background and generated some sense of identification with their Ewe-speaking peoples whom they would have encountered in the Gold Coast."
The encounter with the Gold Coasters was enough to turn any Ewe into a paranoid schizophrenic, developed a siege mentality (become “inward-looking”?) and very resentful towards any idea of union with the Gold Coast, not to mention marry an Akan.
As some of you know, the Anlo area through Tongu to the Peki area had been part of the Gold Coast colony proper, effectively from 1874 though the British “bought” and claimed the area from the Danes in 1850; hence the freedom to move to other parts of the Gold Coast and Asante later. Besides, many southern Ewes are descendants Ga-Adangbe, Elmina and Denkyira fugitives dating back respectively to 1687 when the Akwamus first thrashed the Gas for cutting the “bolobolo” (foreskin) of their prince sent to the Ga Mantse Okai Koi’s court to understudy courtship, and 1700, when the Asantes defeated the Denkyiras and took over Elmina from the Denkyiras. Going back to Ge (Accra) and Sima (Shama) with their new kinsmen was just like returning to the ancestors' land. In fact, it was the descendants of those fugitives who were the first migrants, having maintained links with their ancestral lands during their long period in exile. Reindorf had written about that back and forth movement among the Ga fugitives long ago. That’s how Osu-Anecho came to be founded and how all Ewes got the derogatory epithet “Ayigbe” (Ayi refuse), whether they were descendants of fugitives or not. The “dzulor” bit the Gas added originally referred to the Okai Koi stool regalia which the Ga-Ewes in Togo refused to return to Accra and still claim to be its protectors. Remember the trips with pre-colonial undertones their chiefs made to Ghana when the NPP took over power in 2000?
I can make long comments on the above quote but suffice it to say that it was the beginning and end of the love affair which started as unification with the Gold Coast movement ending up as the drive to secede from the Gold Coast. So we read from the December 6, 1919 edition of the West Africa magazine a letter sent to the colonial government of the Gold Coast:
“We PEOPLE of Togoland, descended from two principal countries, Elmina
(Ane) and Accra (Ge), both of the Gold Coast Colony, ask to have British government because it is the government of our fathers, whose customs are our customs, and a British Colony is half-an-hour distant from us.
We ask to have British government because it is the government of our kith and kin, our race and our tribe.
We ask for British government because of our relationship with our people on the west, which must assert itself..” (culled from West Africa 12-16 Dec. 1994)
And so on it went. One may wonder why the petitioners did not even acknowledge the Ewes, Dagombas, Konkombas, Akans and the host of other ethnic and tribal groups in Togo who also have their “kith and kin” within the Gold Coast and the Northern Territories. I guess this piece of history may come as a surprise to the ingrates who make a living of always reminding us that Ewes come from Togo, some of whom carried a video to Lome to trace the roots of Fiifii Kwetey there, instead of doing so in Accra! Well, he said he was from Nogokpo, which rubbed a sore spot for me, but that’s another story.
THE EWE BACKLASH
By the 1940s, Ewes, Anlos in particular, in the Gold Coast had had enough of the vilification and undeserved demonisation their successes were arousing. The returnee Anes (Anyis) and Ges (Gas), now fused as the Genyis through intermarriages, as Anlos refer to them, also soon discovered that they were not welcome, or often welcomed with shouts of “Ayigbe dzulor”! Disenchantment set in and secession from Ghana became a far better option. The result was the 1956 plebiscite and the rest is history.
Then comes the post Feb 24 1966 coup era, when Busia and his PP turned this traditional vilification of Ewes into a political tool to win the 1969 general elections. It was preceded by an internal struggle within the NLC to share the spoils of office after the coup. An extended quote from Dennis Austin, that great chronicler of Ghana history, captures the gist of it, so here we go:
“A surprising and disagreeable novelty of the election was the extraordinary anti-Ewe sentiment that was expressed in conversation with many of those who were against Gbedemah and his party. One can explain this strong animus not simply by a dislike of Gbedema’s reappearance in political life but in relations to events after the 1966 coup. Suddenly there were the soldiers and the police, and everyone burst out singing, but when the music died down away it was noticed that the NLC (it seemed) was commanded by minorities: Ewe and Ga. When Ankrah (a Ga), was moved out, and charges were brought over-hastily by Harlley against the Chief of Defence Staff, Michael Otu, the evidence to many was overwhelming. It was all an Ewe plot. Soon Ghana would be run for the benefit of an energetic minority, operating first within the armed forces, and now behind Gbedemah. ‘Appoint an Ewe to a public corporation or to a government department and within a year the entire hierarchy down to the messenger will be an Ewe.’ So the argument ran. And there was always some evidence for it, since the Ewe, deprived of any natural wealth in their own barren region, have been energetic in seizing the opportunities of public employment, including positions in the army and the police, which wealthier communities (like the Akan) did not wish to occupy. In practice, looking through the list of senior officers in government department and the public corporations, the evidence is certainly not clear of any Ewe domination: it could hardly be in view of their number. But a belief does not, of course, have to be true before people hold it fervently.
Now there is an Akan-dominated government of an Akan dominated society. Were I to become, by some improbable chance of fate, leader of the governing party I would be much less apprehensive of my Ewe opponents in front than of the large and expectant following behind. I would be fearful too of the ambitions of those now excluded from power, remembering the Songs of Innocence that:
The strongest poison ever known
Came from Caeser’s laurel crown” (D. Austin 1976:125)
Austin was writing with hindsight about what befell Busia’s regime, overthrown in a coup led by an Asante.
In Part 2, I intend to examine the hate campaign against the Ewes and the consequences or reactions from the 1970s which led to Kofi Awoonor’s infamous prison book, The Ghana Revolution, which he claimed he wrote in prison when gaoled for helping Brig. Kattah to escape from Ghana. It’d be necessary to focus on the Ghana Army, from its origins and recruitment trends since it is at the crux of the matter.
.
Andy C.Y. Kwawukume, better known as C.Y. Andy-K, is a freethinker, Pan-Africanist and an ardent Nkrumaist.
cyandyk@ymail.com
References:
Dennis Austin (1976): Ghana Observed: Essays on the Politics of a W. African Republic.
Manchester Univ. Press.
Sandra E. Greene (1995): Gender, Ethnicity, and Social Change on the Upper Slave
Coast: A History of the Anlo-Ewe. Heinemann and James Currey
Robert W. Wyllie. “Migrant Anlo Fishing Companies and Socio-Political Change: A
Comparative Study.” Africa, XXXIX, 4 (1969), 396-410.
Yaw Yeboah 8 years ago
Captain, it is all about personal opinions on Ghanaweb. Personally, I believe that you have made some very good points and supported your case with good examples.
Captain, it is all about personal opinions on Ghanaweb. Personally, I believe that you have made some very good points and supported your case with good examples.
Francis kwarteng 8 years ago
You are welcome, Yaw Yeboah.
Thanks for sharing your interesting ideas.
have a great weekend.
You are welcome, Yaw Yeboah.
Thanks for sharing your interesting ideas.
have a great weekend.
Yaw Yeboah 8 years ago
Francis, thanks for writing such an interesting article which prompted some great contributions from other posters.
Francis, thanks for writing such an interesting article which prompted some great contributions from other posters.
1 major quality of a leader is watching words that come from your stinking mouth. stupid woman thinks everything is about political campaign. npp will come and ask for accounts, u messed up the law deals with u not npp deal w ...
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kwarteng can post a whole Oxford Dictionary to this platform, he will still make no sense, simply because his mindset is silly!
Fake ADJOA WANGARA, we know who you are.
FK makes lots of sense to those of us who can read and comprehend what he's writing about. By the way, where is the homeland of the Wangara people?
No rational Ghanaian will vote for Vicious Ethnocentric Party. Who are hell bent to come borrow money from salons and steal all at the same time.
If Ghanaians mistakenly vote for NPP, stealing will be normal in Ghana forev ...
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WOYOME IS A THIEF SO DZIFA SHD ADD HIS NAME TO THE VICTIMS OF NPP ACCOUNTABILITY....
TELL HER THAT THIEVES ARE THIEVES REGARDLESS OF TRIBES, RELIGIONS, OR NATIONALITY...THIEVES ARE THIEVES LIKE SHE HERSELF WHO IS BEING HAUNTED BY BUS REBRANDING BROAD DAYLIGHT ROBBERY....
EWES SHD BE HUNTED LIKE THIEVES IF THEY CHOOSE TO STEAL LIKE WOYOME...
It is necessary not stoke tribal politics in the country because a few greedy politicians want to use it to their advantage. They will come and go but mother Ghana will always be around. When Attivor was chopping her ill gott ...
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Congratulation Francis Kwarteng for treating ethnocentric and tribalism using only AKANS And EWES but I don't know what motive or prompt you to leave president John Dramani Mahama ethnocentric tribalist bigotry proclaiming th ...
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Francis Kwarteng is both intellectually and politically bankrupt and therefore lacks objectivity and credibility. He always wants to portray himself as intelligent analysts of events. Note how he emphatically pins ethnocentri ...
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First of all well done to the Author, who has written a very interesting article. Secondly, thank you to the Author, for clarifying the fact that General Kotoka was shot & killed by Lt. Moses Yeboah & not Lt. Arthur, which I ...
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I like your comment just by clarifying that the charge against Africa is just a rumour.
Second, you made a mistake implying that Boakye Gyan was forced into exile by Rawlings. It is not true.
The Limann administration a ...
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Yaw,
There is no truth whatsoever about the involvement of Afrifa in the April 1967 abortive coup. In fact, he was the main target of Lt Arthur, a Young Pioneer and an avowed Nkrumaist.
Come to think of it, brave and in ...
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KKO, your analysis is on point. Afrifa was too sophisticated to have been involved in such an infantile coup attempt to eliminate Kotoka. It is a shame Acheampong ignored his warning
The fact of the whole matter is that, the writer of the article, Francis Kwarteng, has in actual fact no tincture of idea about what he has copied from other writers and pasted it there.
You're not fooling anybody by stealing the names of some of us to write nonsense against people who are clearly soul-mates. If you care to know, I regularly exchange private mails with Nyebro Yaw. He writes things from my min ...
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Sarpong, thanks for your feedback and for reminding me of the fact of the $100,000 offered to Boakye Gyan and other members of the AFRC.
You said yourself that Afrifa's involvement in the killing of Kotoka and other things are rumours. You should just have left it at that. They were just rumours. Afrifa didn't have any reason to kill Kotoka with whom the coup ...
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Come on, Captain,
“The political division (and that is what it was - political) between Akan and Ewe started with the 1969 Elections and its aftermath. Busia and PP made a very ethnocentric campaign that was unprecedented ...
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Well done my brother.I never take this Francis Kwarteng serious. Asantes are the most objective , non tribalist group in Ghana any time . If the Asantes and other Akans were to have the herd mentality of the Ewes they would r ...
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“Where were the Akans when Kotoka was freeing Ghana? I did!”
KKO, you may have been the only one who heard it. This is the first time I am hearing it and I was also in secondary school in the 60s and 70s. If the 1966 c ...
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If Busia did not go around making such statements, why do you say "the PP made ethnocentric campaign?"
Which parts of Busia's rule harped on ethnic divide? Was it the people who insulted him and his wife? I guess you also ...
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Twum Boafo has said it as it is without mincing words. I have been saying it as it is for over two decades now. SO WHAT THE HECK WHEN THE SHITE HITS THE CEILING?
Having read a more accurate version of what Mrs Attivor rep ...
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Captain, it is all about personal opinions on Ghanaweb. Personally, I believe that you have made some very good points and supported your case with good examples.
You are welcome, Yaw Yeboah.
Thanks for sharing your interesting ideas.
have a great weekend.
Francis, thanks for writing such an interesting article which prompted some great contributions from other posters.