Lungu, you can no more reason, you have thrown yourself to dogs. Your reasoning faculty is dented.
You can be better described as fool.
Lungu, you can no more reason, you have thrown yourself to dogs. Your reasoning faculty is dented.
You can be better described as fool.
Abeeku Mensah 8 years ago
History is clear and unambiguous on the delusions of America's slaves collectively tagged as "house negroes" who thought working for the master in the big house made them any less of slaves than field negroes. It is the same ... read full comment
History is clear and unambiguous on the delusions of America's slaves collectively tagged as "house negroes" who thought working for the master in the big house made them any less of slaves than field negroes. It is the same delusional thinking processes that afflict the likes of Mr. Baidoo Jnr. and others who choose convenient jump off points in history and or their current residence and status in life as history in all its forms and glory. Would the corrupt system of scholarship awards to "qualified" students in Ghana be offered as a standard for world communities to follow or praised for its built-in bribery, corruption and nepotism schemes?
I will always maintain that the greatest danger to Ghana comes not from Ghanaians who lived their entire lives in Ghana but the classroom educated but ignorant group from the Diaspora who, like clock work, espouse what is good for Ghana while they remain incapable of finding their own ways out of a room full of brown paper bags if their survival depends on doing so. Why do governments, particularly, self described democratic ones go out of their way to seek markets, natural, mineral and human resource from outside sources when those exercises benefit individual entities in a system that is supposed not to pick winners and losers but to allow competition? At the root of these adventures is a presumed benefit for all its citizens not to mention safety, security and economic well being for all. So why would the fruits of those expended resources used in those acquisition be allocated to a few or a racial preferred group in a democracy but not in a communist or socialist nation? To the Baidoo's of Ghana there is a preferred I moral act that justifies indentured servitude of the majority if done under democratic auspices.
GORGORDUTOR 8 years ago
Kojo mi sre Wu so Wu y3 aboa grade1. What article did you read. If you read Prof Lungu's piece then you did not comprehend what he had to say. I must assume that your intellectual vitality is suspect, that is why you resort ... read full comment
Kojo mi sre Wu so Wu y3 aboa grade1. What article did you read. If you read Prof Lungu's piece then you did not comprehend what he had to say. I must assume that your intellectual vitality is suspect, that is why you resort to insults rather than argument and debate. I feel rather sorry for you. IT IS UNWISE TO EXPOSE YOURSELF IN SUCH AN UNCOUTH MANMER
amanfo 8 years ago
good and well appreciated information. Thank you
good and well appreciated information. Thank you
Prof Lungu 8 years ago
READERS,
WE SAY:
Bra may3 nni agoro! (Come let's play!).
ITEM: Africans/Ghanaians must control their resources. Ghanaians must begin to write Ghanaian history. This is our contribution, this time, from this particular ... read full comment
READERS,
WE SAY:
Bra may3 nni agoro! (Come let's play!).
ITEM: Africans/Ghanaians must control their resources. Ghanaians must begin to write Ghanaian history. This is our contribution, this time, from this particular angle!
Get the final copy of this paper with active hyperlinks for all citations, and graphics, from the GhanaHero.com/Visions webpage, under Prof Lungu Says....:
(Also included is a link to a video about Freedom in its essence, a la the "Freedom Riders").
www/GhanaHero.Com/Visions.
Notes:
1. In Socialist USA - Agricultural subsidies worth in the billions each year actually "...direct who should produce what and who gets what..."
Again, as we say in this essay, that explains in a major part, exactly why food is so cheap in "Capitalist USA".
Logically, it is through that "socialist" streak that Americans eat more than the British - thus higher rate of obesity. HOWEVER, we will not say Americans "are better fed" than the British. (After all, eating more does not mean you are eating better).
2. Socialist Lord Bevan, surely created the socialist British NHIS, for Baidoo's capitalist UK.
3. African-American great, Paul
Robeson (1898-1976), and Lord Bevan,
were friends. They were both socialists, but arrived at "socialism" from different perspectives.
Again, get a copy of the final "PART I" for our "He Who Opens 'Can of Worms' Before Time Kills Tree of Light!" paper from the GhanaHero webpage.
Listen: Africa We Go Go! - Osibisa - (3rd tribute song) on our GhanaHero/Visions webpage
Eto dabi an na boafo yena
Nyame nshira ma do fo!
(Sometimes a helper is scarce - nowhere to be found!
May Providence bless all our benefactors!).
Thanks for reading and listening!
Greetings, Ghana!
opoku 8 years ago
This is a masterpiece from the Prof.I'm loving this debate already.Good works to all the writers,we are really learning from all the articles.
This is a masterpiece from the Prof.I'm loving this debate already.Good works to all the writers,we are really learning from all the articles.
francis kwarteng 8 years ago
Prof. Lungu,
Good day.
Another brilliant essay. I have always told some of my friends that Baidoo writes as though he has never been part of this world.
Most of the ideas he has about capitalism are ideas my economi ... read full comment
Prof. Lungu,
Good day.
Another brilliant essay. I have always told some of my friends that Baidoo writes as though he has never been part of this world.
Most of the ideas he has about capitalism are ideas my economics mates studied in secondary school (I did not read economics in secondary school though I am familiar with economic theories from mercantalism to the classical economics (Adam Smith etc), to Adam Smith, to the Marxists, to Keynesian economics and New Keynesianism, to neo-classical economics and neo-mercantilism and neo-Marxism, down to free-market fudamentalism (Milton Friendman and his Chicago School).
If one closly reads Baidoo on capitalism, one is bound to see that his ideas are pre-seconddary school, even. They have hardly worked anywhere. They only work on worn-out paper.
I even suggested to him to have a more knowlwdgeable or better informed reader go through his articles before having them published but he ignored that advice.
Baidoo may also not have known how the "corporate personhood" of American corporations are benefitting from the Fourteen Amendment (specifically designed for African-Americans?).
Baidoo in fact lives on a different planet. And Prof. Lungu's article surely identifies that non-existent planet for us. Not even Milton Fredman, one of Baidoo's free-market fundamentalist heros,
could have made some of the arguments Baidoo ignorantly advances in his articles.
We should therefore thank Prof. Lungu for stating the facts as they are. Readers may want to go and read "Milton Friedman: A Study in Failure," by Richard Adams (The Guardian, Nov. 16, 2006.
Thanks Prof. Lungu. Have a great week.
Prof Lungu 8 years ago
FROM YOUR COMMENT ON THE OTHER SIDE:
READ: "...Even the "Chicago school" at the University of Chicago has waned in influence, eclipsed by the mighty MIT army of economists that followed Samuelson..."
WE SAY: Good point, ... read full comment
FROM YOUR COMMENT ON THE OTHER SIDE:
READ: "...Even the "Chicago school" at the University of Chicago has waned in influence, eclipsed by the mighty MIT army of economists that followed Samuelson..."
WE SAY: Good point, and good for the world!
As we say in this essay, and you've said more than once, governments matter: specifically, the redistributive powers only governments have.
Paul Krugman had a piece this past week on New York Times online about the demise of the so-called Chicago School, the school of thought that bamboozled South Americans, wrecked their economies, and propped up the false narratives about economics under Ronald Reagan.
We can fairly conclude that but for the role of politics and POWER, the Chicago School, with their Supply-Side Economics and Trickle-Down Theory, would have been interned in their graves in 1985, with the second inaugural of Ronald Reagan.
This is consistent with our essays!
The problem is, the "Chicago School" has been one of the worst intellectual traditions for urban areas and communities, in the US in particular. It is great they failed at the beginning of the Global/Knowledge Age.
As you may know, the Chicago School pioneered urban segregation (redlining in housing, discrimination by banks, discrimination by government), with their spatial and ecological "theories" on why different groups (and transportation networks) in urban areas "naturally" organize in clusters (Park & Burgess, 1925).
But Park & Burgess were only describing what they preferred to see, and saw, on the ground, consistent with their cultural and racial biases. They failed at actually "explaining" why things were, as they really were.
There is relevance for Ghana and all developing economies. All groups have same basic needs and it is the role of government to ensure all individuals within the groups, and the groups (among them women and minorities), have equal access to opportunities.
In that sense, the MIT School is a more rounded and pragmatic intellectual tradition - informed by all strains of ideas and scholarship, a potpourri, so to speak:
-- Marxism
-- Social Structure and Class
-- Critical Theory
-- Feminism
-- Communicative Theory
-- Globalization
-- Qualitative Research
-- Culture
-- IDEOLOGY
-- Etc.
Greetings!
francis kwarteng 8 years ago
........................................................................................................................................................
Milton Friedman, who has died aged 94, was not the most important econo ... read full comment
........................................................................................................................................................
Milton Friedman, who has died aged 94, was not the most important economist of the post-war era - that title belongs to the brilliant Paul Samuelson - but he was certainly the most controversial. Yet despite his views being championed by so many politicians on the right, it may come as a surprise that Friedman's career as a policymaker largely ended in failure.
Given his status as a long-standing hate figure, the assumption by many of the left is that his agenda was cemented into place during the Reagan and Thatcher administrations in the early 1980s, especially Friedman's well-known view that inflation is solely influenced by changes in the money supply. But very few of Friedman's most cherished proposals were ever put in to practice. Of those that where - such as monetarism - almost all turned into failure.
The great irony for Friedman's fans is that the one piece of public policy he was responsible for that was widely and internationally adopted was one that greatly increased the ability of central governments to collect taxes - a policy he later repudiated in disgust.
Obituaries of Friedman will doubtlessly sing of his successes. But close examination will show them to be few, and none unalloyed. For all his high public profile - thanks to his regular column in Newsweek and series on US television, Free To Choose, which made him into something of a star - today no mainstream academic economist is a monetarist and Friedman left no lasting school of academic heirs. Even the "Chicago school" at the University of Chicago has waned in influence, eclipsed by the mighty MIT army of economists that followed Samuelson.
Of course Friedman is greatly respected for his theoretical work as an economist, especially on his analysis of the role of money, the importance of inflation expectations in wages and employment, and perhaps his most lasting contribution (it could be argued), the permanent income hypothesis, which suggests that households take a longer view of anticipating their past and future income than previously thought. His award of a Nobel prize in economics was richly deserved - even if he was churlish in accepting it (he said after winning: "I would not want a professional judgment of my scientific work to be those seven people who selected me for the award").
n terms of the policies he inspired or influenced, however, the report card is not so glowing. His great claim, the idea that "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon" may have set off the Monetarist versus Keynesian "econ-wars" of the late 1970s and 1980s. But Friedman's ideas of directly targeting the money supply were tried and rejected as a failure, in both the UK and the US, and Friedman himself backed away from his dogmatic earlier positions. Today, no major central bank directly targets money supply data in setting monetary policy - instead they are far more pragmatic. Even Friedman's great admirer Alan Greenspan never tied himself to the monetarist mast, preferring to keep his options open.
Friedman also railed long and hard for school vouchers to be adopted, to little avail, and his libertarian leanings provoked him to call for recreational drugs and prostitution to be legalised. He lobbied against environmental protection and regulations of all kinds, the vast majority of which were happily ignored by his friends and enemies. Even the economic reforms in Pinochet's Chile he is said to have inspired have run into trouble.
Friedman's first big role as a policy advisor came in 1964 to Barry Goldwater - the least successful Republican presidential candidate in the last 100 years. His next gig was for Richard Nixon - an unsuccessful president in a different way - although Nixon ignored him when it mattered, except when he could use Friedman as cover for politically difficult decisions, such as ending compulsory military service.
And Friedman's one success? In 1942, during world war two, Friedman actually went to work for the US government. While there he helped design the payroll tax that in Britain is known as PAYE, Pay As You Earn, and in the US as withholding tax, the system that allows the government to administer the taking of income tax directly from salaries and pay packets. Unlike everything else he argued for, withholding tax was withstood the test of time and is in use all around the world. It was the best thing that Keynesian-style government could ever have wished for, and Friedman bitterly regretted it. In his memoirs he wrote:
"It never occurred to me at the time that I was helping to develop machinery that would make possible a government that I would come to criticize severely as too large, too intrusive, too destructive of freedom. Yet, that is precisely what I was doing. [My wife] Rose has repeatedly chided me over the years about the role that I played in making possible the current overgrown government we both criticize so strongly."
Rest in peace Milton Friedman, big government's best friend.
........................................................................................................................................................
C.Y. ANDY-K 8 years ago
Below is an article that paints a oicture quite different what the Baidoo's of this world would have us believe is the case in the free world of capitalism. So besides the billions sunk in by govt in the past, a new £2.5bn i ... read full comment
Below is an article that paints a oicture quite different what the Baidoo's of this world would have us believe is the case in the free world of capitalism. So besides the billions sunk in by govt in the past, a new £2.5bn is being sunk in again to create a level playing field for all in the UK. And this is what I think of it all in a private post to s friend:
"A Department for Education spokesman said: "This government is committed to making sure that every child, regardless of background, has the same opportunities to fulfil their potential.
"Our reforms - including the £2.5bn pupil premium - are seeing results, with disadvantaged pupils catching up with their better off peers at both primary and secondary.
"We have placed high expectations at the heart of our schools, with a rigorous new curriculum, world class exams and a new system rewarding schools that push every child to achieve their best."
Just another verbiage of rhetorical ethics and actions that maintain the confidence mechanisms that keep an inherently system of inequality in place. We studied how these are manifested in the public spheres in our Comparative Administration module in 4 European countries and the failed measures by then to redress "scandal" which put a lie to idealistic claims about their free and fair "democratic" societies with everybody having an equal chance.
Tee hee!
The pity is that back home, it is being brazenly replicated on a far more worse scale.
Andy-K
www.bbc.com/news/education-33655791
'Glass floor' protecting middle classes from social slide - report
By Hannah Richardson BBC News education reporter
26 July 2015
From the section Education & Family 904 comments
Parental assistance can come at homework time
Middle-class children benefit from a "glass floor" protecting them from slipping down the social scale in Britain, a report has said.
The Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission said better-off families managed to provide educational and social advantages to stop their slide.
It found less able, richer children were 35% more likely to become high earners than brighter, poorer peers.
The government said its reforms were helping disadvantaged pupils catch up.
It's a social scandal that all too often demography is still destiny in Britain
Alan Milburn, Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission
The report for the commission, which advises the government on social mobility issues, was based on a long-term study of 17,000 British-born children born in a single week in 1970 that measured their ability at the age of five.
It said wealthier families helped their children accumulate skills valued by the labour market and they also used social networks to secure internships and employment.
That meant poorer, but more able children were often blocked from the finite number of top jobs, it added.
'Extra something'
The report, by Abigail McKnight of the London School of Economics, said parental help may start with providing a good home-learning environment in the early years, and continue with seeking out better schools, offering help with homework and exam preparation.
Parental education level and attendance at a private or grammar school all had a significant impact over and above the influence of academic attainment, it said.
The research suggests there is a clear correlation between the social background of a child's grandfather and eventual labour market success.
The report also highlighted a "private school wage premium", where recruitment to high-earning occupations is biased towards those educated in private schools.
Private schools teach skills such as confidence and leadership which can aid progression
It said: "Not only do privately educated children achieve well in examinations and on this basis go on to have highly successful careers, but private school education also bestows a 'little extra something'.
"Some of the 'extra' is made up of soft skills - for example - presentation, conduct in social settings, accent - which have little to do with productivity and a lot to do with what economists refer to as 'signalling'."
'Compensate deprived'
Commission chairman Alan Milburn said nobody should criticise parents for doing their best for their children, but it was not right that the less able do better in life than the more able.
"It has long been recognised that there is a glass ceiling in British society that prevents children with potential progressing to the top. This research reveals there is a glass floor that inhibits social mobility as much as the glass ceiling," he said.
This government is committed to making sure that every child, regardless of background, has the same opportunities to fulfil their potential
Spokesman, Department for Education
"It's a social scandal that all too often demography is still destiny in Britain. The government should make its core mission the levelling of the playing field so that every child in the country has an equal opportunity to go as far as their abilities can take them."
The report called on the government to seek policies that would compensate children who are deprived of the benefits that children with educated parents receive.
"Careful consideration should be given to the setting of homework, fostering and nurturing aspiration, high quality and age-appropriate education and careers advice, and inspirational high-calibre teachers," it added.
'High expectations'
A Department for Education spokesman said: "This government is committed to making sure that every child, regardless of background, has the same opportunities to fulfil their potential.
"Our reforms - including the £2.5bn pupil premium - are seeing results, with disadvantaged pupils catching up with their better off peers at both primary and secondary.
"We have placed high expectations at the heart of our schools, with a rigorous new curriculum, world class exams and a new system rewarding schools that push every child to achieve their best."
Prof Lungu 8 years ago
C.Y. ANDY-K,
Thanks!
From education....but that is only the federal goverment, in this "narrow" area:
Here is another one - RE: US Export-Import Bank (a US agency that is promoting US goods and merchandise --for EXPO ... read full comment
C.Y. ANDY-K,
Thanks!
From education....but that is only the federal goverment, in this "narrow" area:
Here is another one - RE: US Export-Import Bank (a US agency that is promoting US goods and merchandise --for EXPORT).
However, we are not making any judgement on the 2 extracts.
SUBSIDIES IN "SOCIALIST-CAPITALIST" USA:
Since 2007 (2007-2014), the US EXPORT-IMPORT Bank, a US agency, has directly sponsored, disbursed, or shipped goods and products manufactured in the US to Ghana, to the tune of $422,447,985. Most of the goods were manufactured in Illinois, Minnesota, New York, and Texas. (World-wide, the value of exports sponsored by the Banks was $152,865,480,287, from practically all 50 states).
QUESTION: So, what is the value of manufactured goods, products, and services "directly sponsored" by the Government of Ghana that was paid to Ghanaian companies and individuals, goods shipped from Ghana to the US, and other countries during 2007-2014?
READ ABOUT THE US EXPORT-IMPORT BANK:
Source: www.forbes.com/sites/danikenson/2015/03/17/the-export-import-banks-hidden-tax-on-americas-companies/
MAR 17, 2015 @ 7:51 AM 1,354 VIEWS
The Export-Import Bank's Hidden Tax On America's Companies
For those hoping the Republican congress will allow the charter of the Export-Import Bank to expire on June 30, two recent House reauthorization bills and an imminent bipartisan Senate bill to accomplish the same are not particularly reassuring.
What’s not to like about the Export-Import Bank? The U.S. government’s official export credit agency finances sales of American companies to foreign customers, increasing exports, stimulating output, and creating jobs. Only the most cynical, anti-government zealots could have a problem with this vital engine of economic growth and global engagement. Well…not so fast.
Ex-Im supporters – mostly corporate beneficiaries and politicians – work hard to sculpt the Bank’s image as an institution of costless necessity. But closer examinations have revealed corruption, corporate welfare, and hidden taxation on thousands of U.S. businesses. Victims abound across the country.
Despite the Bank’s claims that it primarily serves small and medium enterprises and that it provides financing for transactions that the private sector won’t service, in 2013 about 75 percent of Ex-Im largesse was dispensed to the benefit of ten large, creditworthy companies, including Boeing, General Electric, Bechtel, Dow Chemical, and Caterpillar. But another large company, Delta Airlines, raised objections last year over Ex-Im’s financing of Boeing aircraft sales to foreign carriers, such as Air India. Delta’s complaint was that the U.S. government, as a matter of policy, was subsidizing Delta’s foreign competition by reducing Air India’s cost of acquiring airplanes. Those lower capital costs enabled Air India to offer lower prices than it otherwise could, which had an obvious, adverse impact on Delta’s bottom line. In essence, Ex-Im forces taxpayers to underwrite the success of some U.S. companies at the expense of others.
This same dynamic has been playing out across the U.S. manufacturing sector, where American companies are put at similar disadvantages because their suppliers are getting Ex-Im to subsidize sales to their foreign competitors. In other words, Ex-Im’s transactions benefit two parties: the U.S. exporter and the foreign customer. And, accordingly, those transactions tax two sets of parties: the U.S. competitors of the lucky U.S. exporter (the intra-industry cost) and the U.S. competitors of the lucky foreign customer (the downstream industry cost). So, for Ex-Im subsidies that allegedly prime U.S. economic activity, there are serious costs imposed on unsuspecting American businesses.
According to the findings in a recent Cato Institute study, the downstream costs alone amount to a tax of approximately $2.8 billion every year. The victims of this shell game include companies in each of the 21 broad U.S. manufacturing industry classifications used by the government to compiles statistics. And they are scattered across the country in every state. Among the stealthily taxed were companies such as Western Digital and Seagate Technologies – two California-based computer storage device producers that employ 125,000 workers; Chicago-based Schneider Electric Holdings, which employs 23,000 workers in the manufacture of environmental control products, and; ViaSystems, a St. Louis-based printed circuit board producer with 12,000 employees. These companies haven’t received Ex-Im subsidies, but companies in their supplier industries have, which effectively lowers the costs of their foreign competitors.
While it is relatively easy for a big company like Delta to connect the dots and see that Boeing is being favored at its expense (airplanes constitute a large share of Delta’s total costs), most manufacturing companies are unaware that they are shouldering the costs of government subsidies to their own competitors. But the victims include big and small producers – of electrical equipment, appliances, furniture, food, chemicals, computers, electronics, plastics and rubber products, paper, metal, textiles – from across the country. Companies producing telecommunications equipment incur an estimated collective tax of $125 million per year.
The industries in which companies bear the greatest burdens – where the costs of Ex-Im’s subsidies to foreign competitors are the highest – are of vital importance to the manufacturing economies of most states. In Oregon, Delaware, Idaho, New Jersey, Nevada, and Maryland, the 10 industries shouldering the greatest costs account for at least 80 percent of the state’s manufacturing output. The most important industry is among the ten most burdened by these costs in 33 of 50 states. The chemical industry, which bears a cost of $107 million per year, is the largest manufacturing industry in 12 states.
For all the praise Ex-Im heaps upon itself for its role as a costless pillar of the economy, it is difficult to make sense of the collateral damage left in its wake. Thousands of U.S. companies would be better off if Ex-Im’s charter were allowed to expire, as scheduled, on June 30. But efforts to reauthorize are underway and sadly it is Boeing, GE and the Bank’s other largest beneficiaries who have the ears of Congress. When will the victims speak up?
--------------------
Source: www.americanactionforum.org/research/reauthorizing-the-export-import-bank-a-policy-evaluation
Demand for Ex-Im financing increased following the financial crisis due to tightened credit, though private export financing appears to be recovering. Global ECA support has stepped in as banks strengthened their balance sheets and adjusted to new regulatory requirements such as the implementation of Basel III. As shown in Figure 2, Export-Import Bank authorizations averaged $12.1 billion between 2000 and 2008. Following the financial crisis, increased demand pushed authorizations to a peak of $35.8 billion in FY 2012. Total authorizations fell 24 percent in 2013 to $27.3 billion, representing 3,842 transactions, a level still well above the average before the financial crisis. Authorizations, apart from comprising various financial products, are also calculated in terms of a number of criteria shown in Table 1 and detailed in Table 2, which are either mandated by Congress, internally, or through international agreements on export credit.
intellectual warfare between two elites
Lungu, you can no more reason, you have thrown yourself to dogs. Your reasoning faculty is dented.
You can be better described as fool.
History is clear and unambiguous on the delusions of America's slaves collectively tagged as "house negroes" who thought working for the master in the big house made them any less of slaves than field negroes. It is the same ...
read full comment
Kojo mi sre Wu so Wu y3 aboa grade1. What article did you read. If you read Prof Lungu's piece then you did not comprehend what he had to say. I must assume that your intellectual vitality is suspect, that is why you resort ...
read full comment
good and well appreciated information. Thank you
READERS,
WE SAY:
Bra may3 nni agoro! (Come let's play!).
ITEM: Africans/Ghanaians must control their resources. Ghanaians must begin to write Ghanaian history. This is our contribution, this time, from this particular ...
read full comment
This is a masterpiece from the Prof.I'm loving this debate already.Good works to all the writers,we are really learning from all the articles.
Prof. Lungu,
Good day.
Another brilliant essay. I have always told some of my friends that Baidoo writes as though he has never been part of this world.
Most of the ideas he has about capitalism are ideas my economi ...
read full comment
FROM YOUR COMMENT ON THE OTHER SIDE:
READ: "...Even the "Chicago school" at the University of Chicago has waned in influence, eclipsed by the mighty MIT army of economists that followed Samuelson..."
WE SAY: Good point, ...
read full comment
........................................................................................................................................................
Milton Friedman, who has died aged 94, was not the most important econo ...
read full comment
Below is an article that paints a oicture quite different what the Baidoo's of this world would have us believe is the case in the free world of capitalism. So besides the billions sunk in by govt in the past, a new £2.5bn i ...
read full comment
C.Y. ANDY-K,
Thanks!
From education....but that is only the federal goverment, in this "narrow" area:
Here is another one - RE: US Export-Import Bank (a US agency that is promoting US goods and merchandise --for EXPO ...
read full comment
Dear Brothers,
Thanks for the education.
Have a great weekend.