Hundreds of people have been killed in Tanzania during three days of protests following Wednesday’s general election, the country’s main opposition party has said.

A Chadema party spokesperson told the AFP news agency that “around 700” people had died in clashes with security forces. A nationwide internet shutdown has made it difficult to verify reports of deaths.

The BBC has spoken to a diplomatic source in Tanzania who said there was credible evidence that at least 500 people had died.

However, a government minister has defended the authorities’ handling of the unrest, saying that “nobody can state how many were injured”.

Demonstrations have taken place in major cities, with young protesters denouncing the vote as unfair after key opposition figures were barred from running against President Samia Suluhu Hassan.

Foreign Minister Mahmoud Kombo Thabit described the situation as “a few isolated pockets of incidents here and there… our security forces acted very swiftly and decisively to address this situation,” he told BBC Focus on Africa TV.

“We are also continuing to receive reports of vandalised properties,” the minister added, saying the internet blackout was necessary to stop such vandalism and save lives.

Protests continued on Friday in the main city, Dar es Salaam — particularly in the neighbourhoods of Salasala, Yombo and Tegeta — as demonstrators defied warnings from the army chief to end the unrest.

“Some people went to the streets on 29 October and committed criminal acts. These are criminals and the criminal acts should be stopped immediately,” Gen Jacob John Mkunda said on state TV on Thursday, adding that the army had “controlled the situation”.

The government has sought to play down the scale of the violence and has extended a curfew in an attempt to quell the unrest.

It has been difficult for journalists and human rights groups to verify reports of deaths because of the internet shutdown.

Hospitals across the country have reportedly refused to release information about casualties.
A source at one referral hospital in Dar es Salaam told the BBC it had been overwhelmed with patients since Thursday.

The source added that other public hospitals in the city were reportedly in a similar situation, with morgues said to be full.

One Chadema politician told the BBC he feared for his life, claiming “massacres are carried out during night hours when no one is there to witness them”.

“They are tracking down all our leaders and some have had to leave the country. These people kill with impunity,” John Kitoka, Chadema’s director of foreign and diaspora affairs, told the BBC’s Newshour programme.

The UN has called on Tanzania’s security forces to refrain from using unnecessary or disproportionate force.

“We are alarmed by the deaths and injuries that have occurred in the ongoing election-related protests in Tanzania. Reports we have received indicate that at least 10 people were killed,” Reuters quoted UN human rights spokesperson Seif Magango as saying earlier on Friday.

The BBC understands that ambassadors from several foreign embassies have also engaged the Tanzanian government to urge restraint by the security forces.

By late afternoon on Friday, the electoral commission had announced results from about 80 of the country’s 272 regions, according to state broadcaster TBC.

The BBC also understands that international observers reported an exceptionally low turnout during polling on Wednesday.

President Samia is expected to win the vote under the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party, which has governed the country since independence in 1961.
Official results are expected on Saturday.

On Tanzania’s semi-autonomous archipelago of Zanzibar — which elects its own government and leader — the CCM’s Hussein Mwinyi, the incumbent president, won with nearly 80% of the vote.

The opposition in Zanzibar said there had been “massive fraud”, the AP news agency reported.

Tourists on the island were also reported stranded at the airport, with flight delays linked to the protests on the mainland and the internet shutdown.

A Kenyan music publicist said she was stranded for three days in Tanzania because of the communication blackout.

“Internet, shops, petrol stations, email, social media, everything was down. Total disconnect. No international or regional calls in or out. No text messages in or out. There were no Ubers or Bolts available because there was no network,” Anyiko Owoko posted on Instagram after making it home on Friday on a Kenya Airways flight.

“Many flights were cancelled; Tanzania’s national airline was grounded. There were so many people stranded at the airport who couldn’t book tickets or reschedule flights because of the connectivity blackout,” she said.

Protesters accuse the government of undermining democracy, as the main opposition leader, Tundu Lissu, remains in jail and another opposition figure was disqualified from the election — bolstering Samia’s chances of winning.

Lissu is being held on treason charges, which he denies, and his party boycotted the vote.
The only other serious contender, Luhaga Mpina of the ACT-Wazalendo party, was excluded on legal technicalities.

Sixteen fringe parties — none of which have historically had significant public support — were cleared to contest the election.

President Samia came to power in 2021 as Tanzania’s first female leader following the death in office of President John Magufuli.

She was initially praised for easing political repression, but the political space has since narrowed, with her government accused of targeting critics through arrests and a wave of abductions.