Security: State or personal responsibility?

The country has over time recorded consistent diverse issues of insecurity resulting in doubts being expressed on the State’s potency and capacity to discharge internal security responsibilities.

What is worrying the most is the impunity with which crimes are being committed in the country as though there are no internal security responsibilities bestowed on any institution.

Waking up to news of gruesome murders month after months including the most recent Sogakope murder, Takoradi assassination, Kasoa killings, Ho Slaying, Dagbon butchering, uniform personnel massacring and raping of infants resulting in their deaths are enough for public outrage.

The fallouts are sometime so heavy on one side such that we hear lamentations and statements of loss of confidence in state security apparatchiks.

It is understandable to blame state internal security apparatchiks because they are presumably adequately trained to enforce internal security; and as to whether they are really trained and given refresher training enough to respond to the teething internal insecurity issues is a case to interrogate later.

That notwithstanding, what is more worrisome within the internal insecurity status quo is the fast growing loss of public confidence in the internal security services. A situation which rather makes criminals who should fear the state’s internal security structure to be emboldened to act with impunity as being recorded, because they are part of society and get to hear or read those sentiments.

Those sentiments often query whether security is state or personal responsibility. The State has responsibility to ensure security but individuals have more responsibility to ensure personal security because almost all cases being recorded are failures of one’s own or victims’ inability to ensure adequate physical security for themselves.

Physical Security as an embodiment of personal security encompasses burglar resistance, electrical installations, intruder alarm systems and neighborliness among multitudes of measures.

The horrific murders recorded could largely be prevented if the aforementioned were effectively and efficiently in place.

This piece, thus, seeks to provide further understanding on state and personal security responsibilities with some insight on ways of ensuring adequate physical security.

State security

The Greatest Soviet Encyclopedia, 2010, defines state security as the aggregate of measures taken to protect the existing state, social structure, independence and the territorial integrity of the state from subversive activities of internal and external actors, acting as enemies of the existing order.

One of the measures is the establishment of the internal security apparatchiks to ensure congenial environment for all, which is a fulfilment achieved by the state per Ghana’s Constitution to some extent.

But for citizens to enjoy that congenial environment and social protection, it behooves the institutions to demonstrate professionalism in the discharge of their responsibilities towards the populace.

However, consistent administrative and operational expediency failures by institutional operations leaderships often caused those at the tactical or lower levels to fail in their responsibilities towards the people they are to protect.

They in almost all cases settled as defence, on inadequate ammunition and weapons among others when the public was outraged.

Weaponry and ammunition for security duties can never be enough but consistent effective and efficient training activities add-up to confidence in the fight against “enemies” of the existing order.

These enemies are the people perpetrating all forms of crime in societies and their activities must be nibbed in the bud with stern measures in accordance to the laws of the state.

There is the need for state internal security apparatchiks to embrace refresher and continuous training activities for their personnel while ensuring without any more failures in making the necessary equipment available to their personnel in the field.

The relevance of providing adequate equipment and training to their personnel would give them the impetus to respond to criminal activities with speed to quickly restore public confidence.

As the state carries out its part in ensuring that internal security measures are apt, individual citizens must also complement their roles by ensuring physical security measures like burglar resistance/proof as part of their personal security responsibilities, are in place.

Burglar resistance

Burglar resistance or proof is part of security measures designed to deny unauthorised access to facilities, equipment and resources to protect personnel and property from damage or harm.

The word proof is non-existent in matters of security because every obstacle and in this context, protection is surmountable with time hence, the notion that it is appropriate to say burglar resistance than burglar proof, just as bullet resistance and not bulletproof is held. Most homes now have burglar resistance designed to secure and frustrate any attempted entry but recent crime records indicated its failures, as criminals gain time to surmount its protection.

A case in point is the gruesome killing of Mr Marcus Mawutor Adzahli, an Assemblyman at Sogakope on March 01, 2020 where the killers gained time to break the burglar resistance door (security door) to access the victim. However, additional measure to increase the resistance time by using cross bars placed in metal hooks secured into the wall and behind the door might save his life.

It has been proven overtime that so-called security doors are not enough hence, the need to fix burglar resistance both in front and behind the doors if you do not desire a cross bar behind your doors. The relevance of these measures are; that you would gain more time whenever you are under an attack and thereby save your life and that of your family. Most families put in place all these physical security measures in their homes but end up creating severe weak links in the home security systems with their electrical installations.

Electrical installations

Electrical installations, fittings and security lighting in most homes are done without due consideration of implications to security. Dr Jan Hollan Clark in Rational for the mandatory limitation of outdoor lighting says security lighting is often intended to deter or detect intrusions or other criminal activities on a piece of real property and can also be used to increase a feeling of safety. Security Lighting is integral to security environment hence the quest to place fittings everywhere for convenience but not need. Lighting should increase visibility far from you the principal or the protected and must therefore look outwards.

Sequel to this is improper placement of fittings or sockets in homes that compromises security where sockets are either located very close to kitchen or living room windows and or sited in porches in homes. Those sockets become source of electrical power to aid criminals with equipment to break into your homes easily.

It is therefore advisable or appropriate to site inner sockets far from windows and either fix no sockets in your porches or have it fixed with control switch located inside the room. Just ensure to have the sockets switched off until there is the need to use them. The relevance here is that, criminals cannot have it easy cutting your burglar resistance with your own electric power.

It is also important to have a security architect or physical security professionals conduct vulnerability assessments in your homes from time to time, even before you build a house or any structure. Electrically powered physical security installations include intruder alarm systems which play a preventive function in the entire personal security infrastructure.

Intruder alarm system

Intruder alarm systems are remotely controlled or wired alarm systems installed as part of physical security measures to ensure personal security at homes. The alarm itself is sited far from hand-reach and placed in front or outside the facial panel of the roof with the switch located in the principal’s bedroom or convenient location.

The alarm system achieves deterrence, detection and prevention roles when the alarm is visible for the intruder to see and not conceive the intention to commit the crime in the first place. But when the intruder transcends deterrence or detection and initiates the act of committing the crime, he or she gets prevented with burst sound of the alarm to the hearing of the whole community, thus, preventing the crime from being committed.

It is in same sense that internal security apparatchiks set off their alarms whenever they are approaching crime scenes and people wonder why, with the thinking that they rather signal the criminals to escape. It is worth knowing that the internal security apparatchik’s core mandate is to prevent crime largely while individuals take steps to deter crime to some extent in ensuring personal security.

It is therefore imperative that individual homes are fitted with intruder alarm systems as part of physical security measures to ensure personal security. The relevance of the alarm system when replicated in neighbouring homes is that, it helps deter, detect, deny, defeat and devalue purpose of committing crime when the alarm system is well networked and coordinated in the community.

Neighbourliness

Neighbourliness promotes good physical security in ensuring personal security, as it is a disposition to be friendly and helpful to neighbours. People often wonder how committal of crime becomes a reality in the midst of neighbours. It is a common knowledge that some people are introverts and unapproachable by nature and others too are welcoming in a community.

The situation where there is no good relation between neighbours, crime can be ongoing with noise to the hearing of the other but the fellow will not make efforts to enquire or act to prevent the crime. Keeping at peace with neighbours is critical to ensuring personal security at homes. It is therefore important that individuals ensure good neighbourliness in residential communities.

There are several other physical security measures to ensuring personal security including community vigilante, closed-circuit television, fencing, fire safety and environmental awareness.

In brief, the state has responsibility to provide weaponry and ammunition and, consistent effective and efficient training activities to ensure internal security measures are apt but individual citizens also have roles to play as part of their personal security responsibilities.